The History Of Egyptian Roman And Greek free essay sample

The History Of Egyptian, Roman And Greek Art Essay, Research Paper Throughout the history of adult male, the societies which have been labeled as the # 8220 ; pillars of civilisation # 8221 ; hold all had one common feature ; excellence in the humanistic disciplines. Each society had developed manners which were relevant to their times and doctrines, yet when observed closely, one is able to happen many common similarities within each. When one thinks of the major parts of each of these societies, several stick out as being distinguishable or superior to others. These # 8220 ; distinguishable # 8221 ; societies include the Egyptian society the Grecian society, and the Roman. Yet in order to decently measure each civilization, works from each period must be explored exhaustively. For this I have chosen to compare and contrast three plants from these epochs: Daughters of Akhenaten ( 1379 # 8211 ; 1362 B.C. ) from the Egyptian epoch of art, Dionysus in a Sailboat ( C. 540 B.C ) from the Greek epoch, and eventually Frieze In The Villa of The Mysteries ( C. We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of Egyptian Roman And Greek or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 50 B.C. ) from the Roman period. Yet before one can endeavour into researching these plants, it is indispensable to cognize the features of the periods from which these plants came into being. The first piece, Daughters of Akhentan comes from a period of clip know as the Amarna period within Egyptian art. This period had much different conventions and formal qualities compared to typical Egyptian art. Earlier Egyptian art, which was dictated by the Pharaoh, centered around figures which were expressed ideally ( stylized ) instead than in a realistic signifier. The anatomical properties consisted of caputs and legs which were in profile, trunk and weaponries which were really frontal and the vary prominent individual oculus. Parallel lines were besides used to line up shoulders caputs and weaponries. Furthermore, of import figures were ever larger than others ( Hierarchic proportions ) , and in formal airss. And eventually adult females were ever painted white, while work forces ever red. Yet in the Amarna period, th e Pharaoh Akhenaten, encouraged a manner of art which was more emotional, peaceable and religious. He encouraged a manner of art which was true to life and expressive of one s emotions. The 2nd piece, Dionysus in a Sailboat came from epoch of Grecian vase ( cup ) art. Grecian civilisation was one which was characterized by the doctrine that # 8220 ; adult male is a free and worthy single # 8221 ; . Their art portrayed a manner of arrant idealism, utilitarianism ( win cup ) and pure aesthetic beauty, while at the same clip was used to portray myths and adorn their many Gods. The 3rd artistic civilization which I have chosen to analyze is that of the Romans. Roman art by and large focused around useful intents, while at the same clip still corporal power, pragmatism and emotion. Their doctrine stressed that adult male determines his ain fate, and that uniqueness among people is what makes them particular and distinguishable. Now that an accurate historical overview of each person epoch has been created, one can properly buttocks and depict the features of each single work. The first relationship which can be found within each of these pieces is that they are in kernel # 8220 ; level # 8221 ; . When looking at Daughters of Akhentan, one is able to see that the creative person of this wall picture, has made small or no attempt in making any kind of deepness or true position. The two figures, which are characterized by playful gestures, lack the shading and accurate proportions which are necessary to make these artistic factors. Furthermore the frontal airss and the usage of the individual oculus, besides add to the deficiency of deepness in the picture, because merely half of the existent caput is seen by the spectator. These properties can besides be found within the Grecian wine cup of Dionysus in a Sailboat. This piece which describes a myth, besides lacks any deepness or position. The chief capable a ffair, the sailing boat, lacks the shading and position which creates the semblance of deepness. The mahimahis in the piece are besides really level and unproportional to the boat. This deficiency of position can besides be seen in the canvas of the ship and the grapes, they excessively lack any lines of position and shading which are indispensable for deepness. As one looks further up the art clip line, this characteristic two-dimensionality can besides be seen within the Roman fresco, Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries. The arrant deficiency of deepness, as antecedently seen in Dionysus in a Sailboat, creates a feeling of a elephantine level plane, where figures have merely been â€Å"stuck onto the wall† . There is besides an unsurmountable deficiency of shading, perspective lines and tonic fluctuation, all of which rob the piece of any kind of deepness. As one begins to farther analyze these plants with greater item, other relationships become apparent. The 2nd relationship which I found existed between these plants was that they were all characterized by low pragmatism and were besides really conventionalized. In the work, Daughters of Akhentan, one is easy able to see the deficiency of human signifier and proportion. The deficiency of anatomical rightness is clearly seeable in the awkward place of the legs, custodies, trunk and shoulders. The frontal position of the figures every bit good as the conventionalized and simplified eyes, superciliums and limbs besides contribute to the pictures low degree of pragmatism. In Dionysus in a Sailboat, this same low degree of pragmatism is apparent within the picture of the mahimahis, and particularly the ship. There is really small attending paid to the proportions in this piece, and the over simplified signifiers ( boat, grapes, vines and mahimahis ) make this work really similar to the Da ughters of Akhentan. As we look at the following work, Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries we are able to see that the Roman s have made an effort to maneuver off from wholly stylized and simplified signifiers, and get down to convey some pragmatism into their plants. Although the piece has made a major measure towards pragmatism, it is doubtless still really conventionalized, as seeable in the simplified hair, which is really level and non detailed, the faces, which lack tone and construction and the apparels, which hang in an awkward mode. Besides the frontal position of the figures, as in Daughters of Akhentan, besides add a dimension of low pragmatism. The concluding relationships which I was able to detect within these three plants dealt with the utilitarianism of the plants, and the unvarying balance which can be found within each. All three pictures exhibit signifiers of unvarying balance, which create a feeling of stableness and poise within the plants. In Daughters of Akhentan, the manus which is widening from one of the chief figures creates a sense of left side and right side balance, which ameliorates the overall expression of the work. In Dionysus in a Sailboat, the arrangement of the sailing boat in the centre surrounded by mahimahis all in perfect symmetricalness, besides creates a feeling of unvarying balance and stableness. When looking at Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries, a sense of unvarying balance is likewise created by utilizing every bit sized figures every bit good as figures which are in a # 8220 ; balanced symmetricalness # 8221 ; with one another. If one looks closely at the Roman fresco, the figure of figures used every bit good as how they are symmetrically and strategically placed, all add to make a sense of foundation and stableness. Furthermore, I was able to pull a decision that all three pieces serve more purpose than conventional plants have, that is that they embody a certain alone utilitarianism. Daughters of Akhentan every bit good as Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries, were both painted on walls, and served non merely cosmetic intents, but besides told narratives and myths. Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries, depicts the secret induction rites for the Classical universe, while Daughters of Akhentan depict the household love of Pharaoh Akhentan. The wine-cup, Dionysus in a Sailboat besides held useful utilizations, and at the same clip aesthetic 1s. It was non merely a cosmetic theoretical account, instead served to continue an ancient Grecian myth of Dionysus merely as that in the Frieze in the Villa of The Mysteries likewise does. Therefore after holding strictly and exhaustively examined these three plants, I was able to come to the decision that there are definite similarities and relationships which exist between each. I was besides able to reason that each period of art was greatly influenced by other old society s manners and contents, and that each period would non hold originated had it non been for their predecessors.

Power Issues And Case Analysis Imbalances Social Work Essay Essays

Power Issues And Case Analysis Imbalances Social Work Essay Essays Power Issues And Case Analysis Imbalances Social Work Essay Essay Power Issues And Case Analysis Imbalances Social Work Essay Essay he besides highlights how we should resist the force per unit area to do people conform to white malestream norms ( Thompson 2000:141 ) . Healey ( 2005 ) discusses anti-oppressive pattern and how this looks at the personal, cultural and structural objects that can determine the jobs that service user s experience. Healey ( 2005 ) further discusses that through anti-oppressive pattern societal workers aim to advance service user authorization by promoting them to speak about and portion their feelings of impotence, to assist them understand how cultural and structural unfairnesss can determine their experiences of subjugation. Therefore when working with Ms. Evans and her household I would necessitate to integrate anti-oppressive pattern in order to authorise, and enable her to portion with me her feelings and experiences of impotence in order to derive a better apprehension of the households state of affairs. However Thompson ( 2000 ) high spots, societal work intercession involves the exercising of power, which if used negatively can reenforce the disadvantages that service users experience. Used positively nevertheless power can assist to heighten the working relationship, the results, and authorise the service user, as Healey ( 2000:202 ) writes postructuralists see power as an ever-present and productive characteristic of societal dealingss , and Foucault cited by Healey ( 2000 ) highlights the demand for us to recognize the productiveness of power, and argues that by concentrating on power as merely being oppressive ignores the positive dimensions of power. Ms. Evans has been referred to societal services via the Health Visitor ; this could be doing her feel disempowered and nervous about the Forth coming intercession of societal services. Therefore when working with Ms. Evans and her household I would hold to recognize the power instabilities between us, ( Thompson 2000 ) . I would necessitate to be sensitive to the issues of power and instabilities by being clear with Ms. Evans on my function and intent, explicating professional boundaries and duties ( Trevithick 2005 ) . I would besides necessitate to see my usage of linguistic communication and how every bit Dalrymple ( 1995 ) cited by Healey ( 2000:184 ) explains the manner in which linguistic communication can reflect power derived functions and have an impact on the people with whom we are working . Equally good as recognizing power issues and instabilities, as the societal worker cubic decimeter would besides necessitate to set about a hazard appraisal. As Thompson ( 2000 ) high spots, to measure the grade and nature of any hazard to which Ms. Evans and her household could be exposed to. Measuring exposure to hazards or a individual, who is vulnerable to it is cardinal to assessment within societal work pattern ( Davies 2005 ) . Stated in the Codes of Practice, as a societal attention worker, you must esteem the rights of service users while seeking to guarantee that their behavior does non harm themselves or other people ( GSCC 2007:4 ) . This includes following hazard appraisal policies and processs to measure whether the behavior of service users presents a hazard of injury to themselves or others ( GSCC 2007: 4.2 ) . Therefore when working with Ms. Evans and her household I would necessitate to be cognizant of my organizational and statutory responsibilities as there are significant policies, counsel, and models to inform my pattern on hazard appraisal. When working with kids and households as Brayne ( 2005 ) high spots, I would necessitate to be cognizant of the jurisprudence, which under the Children Act 1989 provinces ; my primary duty would be when working with Ms. Evans and her household to that of the kid, or kids. Ms. Evans has stated that on occasions she and her household have experienced verbal maltreatment, which would necessitate to be investigated farther to make up ones mind on any hazards this may present to the household. However she has been described by the Health Visitor as enduring from station natal depression, and finds it hard to care for her kids, aged seven, five, and a 10 hebdomad old babe who has spinal bifida. Therefore it could be said that my primary statutory concern would be, to what extent is her station natal depression set uping the attention and public assistance of her kids, and does this present any hazards that need to be identified. Risk appraisal and the direction of hazard have become dominant in all countries of societal work. Kemshall ( 1997:123 ) cited by Davies ( 1997:123 ) high spots that within societal work hazard appraisal and hazard direction have become cardinal issues and are frequently cardinal in the determinations, to allocate resources, to step in in the lives and picks of others or to restrict the autonomies of activities of clients . Risk appraisal has become a dominant discourse within societal work because societal workers are employed within a hazard society, which searches for ways to place and pull off hazard efficaciously . ( Higham 2005:182 ) However every bit stated in the codifications of pattern, societal workers should besides recognise that service users have the right to take hazards, and assist them to place and pull off possible and existent hazards to themselves and others ( GSCC 2007: 4.1 ) . Higham ( 2006:182 ) discusses how service user s strengths that are likely to decrease the predicted hazards should be assessed in maintaining with the societal work value of authorization. Pritchard ( 1996 ) cited by Davies ( 1997:124 ) discusses how service users should non be denied the chances to take hazards or exercising pick, and provinces that, risk-taking is an of import characteristic of all our lives ( Davies 1997:124 ) . However, as Thompson ( 2000 ) explains, the balance between attention and control within societal work can be hard to keep. By nearing this instance with a undertaking centred attack would as Healey ( 2005 ) explains, average focusing on enabling Ms. Evans to do little and meaningful alterations in her life, that she has recognised, acknowledged and wanted to work on. Coulshed ( 1998 ) high spots that within this attack the service user is the chief alteration agent, assisting the worker to measure what the precedences for alteration ought to be. She farther explains that because the worker is every bit accountable as the service user in transporting out agreed undertakings this lessens the sense of impotence that the service user possibly feeling. A undertaking centred attack works on a specific set of processs whereby the service user is helped to transport out problem-alleviating undertakings ( Coulshed 1998 ) . Healey ( 2005 ) explains that it consists of the pre-intervention phase, followed by four consecutive but overlapping stairss. Therefore foremost I would necessitate to understand and set up the beginning of referral ( the Health Visitor ) and negotiate with them any outlooks and positions. However as Healey ( 2005 ) provinces, by understanding the positions of the mentioning bureau does non intend that this has to be the focal point of work, as I would necessitate to work with Ms. Evans on specifying the mark jobs. Common lucidity between Ms. Evans and me would necessitate to be addressed, discoursing any bounds or boundaries, explicating confidentiality, my function, every bit good as any legal or other duties. Working in coaction with Ms. Evans I would seek to research and prioritize Ms. Evans positions of her jobs, as the service user engagement in placing the mark jobs are critical to concentrating their attempts on alteration ( Healey 2005:119 ) . Epstein and Brown ( 2002 ) cited by Healey ( 2005 ) suggest a upper limit of three mark jobs, as it is non necessary to turn to all jobs identified. Success in a few can hold a knock-on consequence for other jobs in a service user s life that may enable them to populate with these jobs or to cover with them ( Healey 2005:113 ) . However as Healey ( 2005 ) writes, although within a undertaking centred approach the service user s definitions of their jobs should predominate, in fortunes where the worker is duty edge to take a firm stand on sing certain jobs, or a opinion has been made of a possible hazard that the service user may present to themselves or others, than these issues should be clearly raised. An expressed understanding ( contract ) would necessitate to be reciprocally clarified. This would include times, location of meetings, and elaborate information on the ends of intercession, whereby the service user should be responsible for make up ones minding the order in which jobs should be addressed ( Healey 2005 ) . It should besides include any ends the societal worker has on behalf of their bureau or statutory responsibilities. For illustration when working with Ms. Evans, ends for intercession might include her wellness position to be investigated in relation to her station natal depression. Equally good as this a statement of undertakings would be listed to turn to mark jobs and to develop the service user s problem-solving accomplishments ( Healey 2005 ) . This is the cardinal purpose of undertaking centred pattern, hence we must defy any enticement to make for , instead than make with the service user ( Healey 2005:122 ) . An illustration of one undertaking could be ; Ms. Evans to derive more information on spinal bifida and so frontward this to her spouse, as she feels that he has non accepted their girl s status, and this could be a fright of the unknown. In back uping Ms. Evans in her undertaking public presentation I would promote, and assist construct on her strengths possibly through practising set undertakings with her in the signifier of function drama ( Healey 2005 ) . This would enable for any schemes necessary to be put into topographic point to assist Ms. Evans overcome any obstructions that she may experience could impede the completion of a certain undertaking. Undertaking centred pattern is a systematic procedure, hence throughout my work with Ms. Evans I would necessitate to regularly reappraisal performed undertakings in order to admit any addition made, every bit good as reference any undertakings that have non been performed. This would give me the chance to turn to any issues with Ms. Evans and to research ways if deemed necessary to revise our contract. Finally built-in to the undertaking centred construction is the demand for a well planned expiration. Healey ( 2005:124 ) writes that a clear and looming deadline is critical for concentrating worker and service user attempts on alteration . Within the expiration meeting I would reexamine with Ms, Evans the overall advancement of our work, and how in the hereafter she might keep any advancement that has been made ( Healey 2005 ) . Healey ( 2005 ) explains that a undertaking centred model provides a shell in which other theoretical positions can be incorporated. Integrating a strengths position would, like undertaking centred pattern focal point on, constructing a service user s capacity to assist themselves and to promote a common acquisition partnership between workers and service user s , ( Healey 2005:158 ) maintaining within the societal work values of authorization, regard and service user self-government. Harmonizing to Healey ( 2005 ) the strengths position dressed ores on enabling service users and communities to work towards their hereafter hopes and dreams, instead than looking at past or present jobs. Saleeby ( 1997:4 ) cited by Healey ( 2005:152 ) provinces that the strengths perspective expression is straightforward, where workers are required to mobilise service users strengths in order to enable them to accomplish their ends and aims, which would take to the service user holding a better quality of life on their footings ( Healey 2005:152 ) . Some of the cardinal premises of the strengths position are, all people have strengths, capacities and resources , and people by and large demonstrate resiliency, instead than pathology when confronting inauspicious life events. ( Healey 2005:157 ) . Healey ( 2005 ) discusses the pattern rules and how the societal worker should follow a positive and optimistic attitude towards service users, working in partnership with them so solutions to jobs are developed collaboratively. Healey ( 2005:162 ) farther states that the formation of a good working partnership can increase the resources available to work out the job at manus . Therefore when working with Ms. Evans I would concentrate on listening to her narrative, placing her capacities, strengths, and resourcefulness which could lend to positive alterations. I would clear up any strengths with her as Healey ( 2005:162 ) explains, service users can grow when others peculiarly helpers actively affirm and back up their capacity to make so . My function as the societal worker would be to ease Ms. Evans capacity to admit, and utilize existing strengths and resources which would enable her to develop new 1s. These strengths could be for illustration ; the accomplishments she has developed from rearing, most of which due to her spouse being in the Navy she may hold done independently. Ms. Evans defines herself as Asiatic and that Islam is of import to her, hence, another strength could be that of adaptability, and holding the interior strength to research new experiences, as she may hold moved from an Asian community to be with her spouse in the naval married quarters. Harmonizing to Saleeby ( 1996 ) cited by Healey ( 2005:164 ) belonging to a community is the first measure towards authorization . Therefore by working towards societal justness rules I would research with Ms. Evans what formal and informal aid was available to her within the community. For illustration, a female parent and yearling group, which would enable her to go portion of the community that she feels she has non been accepted into. Healey ( 2005:164 ) explains community support can construct and pull on the capacities of service users to assist themselves and to assist others . I would besides discourse with her the aid she is already having in relation to her babe and her diagnosing of spinal bifida, which could intend the household are entitled to both fiscal and practical aid. This could include a household support carer to give some reprieve, which would let Ms. Evans some clip to prosecute her ain involvements, such as her faith. Further to this I would necessitate to recognize any strengths and assets within Ms. Evans societal webs, such as people she may experience can be supportive, possibly discoursing with her possible personal support from household and friends ( Healey 2005 ) . In decision this assignment has discussed the issues of power and how societal workers need to be sensitive to and recognize power instabilities. .Following this, hazard discourse has been explained, every bit good as a undertaking centred attack to the instance survey. Finally the strengths position was incorporated which focuses on the capacities and potencies of the service user.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Polyhalogen Complex CsICl2 Lab Report

Synthesis and Characterization of the Polyhalogen Complex CsICl2 - Lab Report Example Theoretically, compounds absorb electromagnetic radiations at distinct frequencies depending on the inter-atomic bonds involved (Gibes 269). With the use of infrared radiations, a spectrum indicating the frequencies of absorptions can be produced. Subsequently, analyses of the spectral peaks enable determination and verification of a compound’s structure. Subsequent sections of this report contain procedural steps used in synthesis and IR determination of Cs [ICl2] complex. Prior to commencement of the lab exercise, appropriate safety measures were taken into consideration. These measures included the use of gloves in handling poisonous elements, specifically iodine. In addition, any stains of iodine on laboratory benches and laboratory equipment were cleaned to avoid contact of the poisonous element with skin and mucous membranes (Gibes 271). Subsequently, the following Cs [ICl2] synthesis procedures were performed; The Cs chloride-iodine mixture turned from yellow to reddish upon heating in the 90-95oC water bath. Upon dispensation of chlorine into the mixture, color changed back from reddish to yellow and finally to white when the complex was washed and dried (Gibes 271). The infrared spectrum of Cs ICl2 indicates presence of a single peak at a wavelength of 231 cm-1. Theoretically, this absorption wavelength is associated with the corresponding halogen; iodine. In this context, a single point of absorption in a tri-atomic compound indicates the presence of a bending vibration with an asymmetrical structure (Smith 25). In this case, infrared spectrum of ICl2- provides a characteristic vibration peak similar to that exhibited by trigonal-planar molecular structures. In conclusion, the IR spectrum of Cs ICl2 verifies that the compound has a trigonal-planar molecular structure. The single peak in the infrared spectrum ascertains that the ICl2

Why I Want to Teach Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why I Want to Teach - Speech or Presentation Example The eventualities of the experiences have made some of us to either abhor or cherish the learning part of our lives. Regardless of the experience one may have had, this piece of writing is a speech outlining the reasons why I want to be a teacher. "Teaching should be such that what is offered is perceived as a valuable gift and not as a hard duty." Albert Einstein My choice to settle on teaching as a profession was not a matter of spontaneous decision. Instead, it was a factor of a couple of years of reflection regarding the career I would like to pursue in life. I have settled on a career in education because I firmly believe that it stands out as one of the integral duties carried out in our society. I am convicted that teachers, both as an individual and collectively, have the ability to transform the world and shape it to the desirable destiny. In this profession of teaching, I remain hopeful that I will not only find an occupation and a source of living, but also I will derive p ersonal fulfillment and rejuvenation from it. I want to be part and parcel of the great pool of resourceful teachers who will one day be counted as those adhered to the true calling of teaching profession. In the words of Albert Einstein, I desire to teach such that what I offer to the students is perceived as a valuable gift and not as a hard duty. ... Furthermore, these teachers had a great mastery of communication skills and were well versed with the subject matter content. This is the exact type of teachers I desire to emulate. Nonetheless, being an open minded individual, I believe that my teaching technique would equally be anchored on a wide range of factors including my values and experiences. I want to ensure that my students learn in an environment that is secure and comfortable so that their level of steel esteem is enhanced. My experience as a student has served as an eye opener that great minds end up being unexploited to the optimum simply because the learning environment was not insecure or not conducive. Unwavering self-esteem would certainly give the student the confidence to strive and reach out for the goals they set for themselves. As a teacher, I will play an integral role in the provision of this environment to all students. I am also excited that I will have the privilege of shaping the lives of future parents and great members of the society. Often times, I find myself in a reverie imagining the pride that the teachers who taught President Obama felt when he was eventually inaugurated as the president of United States of America. I think of that and I cannot wait to start teaching. Who knows that an Obama or Hillary Clinton might be one of my students?! Many people find it hard to comprehend my unyielding passion to teaching profession. As others look at me in utter amazement, some people have chosen to level all sorts of criticisms at my â€Å"misdirected† ambition. They assert that teachers are the most lot of professionals no wonders they are ever complaining of exploitation. I do not blame them for this or neither do I hit

Ethical Challenges for Non-Profits Research Paper

Ethical Challenges for Non-Profits - Research Paper Example These organizations perform a vital function and oftentimes subject only the guidance of their benefactors. Their workers fight many fronts, in diverse fields, such as helping eliminate racial discrimination, poverty, diseases, hunger and political persecution, for example. They provide an important service which is often not very much appreciated and in many instances, overlooked because they work without much fanfare. A good example are religious organizations which provide food or soup kitchens, helping homeless people get a warm meal in the middle of winter. Their efforts cannot be underestimated for they fill in the gaps where the government and the private sectors fail at times. By working and aiding the marginalized sectors of society, they provide hope and meaning to many lives. There are many pitfalls and benefits to capitalism but one of the most egregious failures is that certain sectors of society can get left out. Globalisation has been increasing due to the big innovati ons in communications and technology which helped move people, goods and services much easier worldwide, as shown by higher flows of capital in foreign direct investments (FDI) but one drawback is that in some instances, some people ended up poorer instead of being richer. People with conscience are rightly concerned with this inequality and this gave rise to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and this paper takes a deeper look at one aspect of this issue. Discussion Corporate social responsibility had become a buzzword in business sectors because it is now considered a part of doing business; it is one form how an economic entity gives back to the community which has sustained it and is now generally conceded a part of continuing success. A good number of big or global organizations have adopted CSR as a part of their business model. It is now an integral part of doing business, and in this connection, many of them had developed their own models of doing so. The lofty goals of C SR evolved from its own attempts of having a good code of ethics in the wake of some previously questionable business practices; the goals are intended to make a company compliant with legal regulations, ethical and moral standards, and a good way to practice and embrace generally-accepted international norms of doing business. The prevalence of CSR today had been partly due to the active advocacies of nonprofit groups in the prior years which are now bearing the fruits of their work only today. A good CSR policy put in place guides the firm in making the best decisions for all stakeholders involved. A business firm can opt for several modes in how to go about implementing its CSR but three forms have been suggested within the context of this issue in which there are some nagging concerns on how best to execute a CSR policy in view of their profit motives as for-profit firms. A key issue involved is one of costs, in which funds and resources devoted to this policy can be evaluated i n terms of their efficiency and effectiveness. Activities and funds related to CSR must be maximized and the three options are to contribute (giving to charitable or nonprofit groups), to collaborate (by working closely and partnering with a chosen nonprofit organization) or lastly, to just build up an in-house program

Effect of Feed on the Mineral Composition of Labeo Rohita

Effect of Feed on the Mineral Composition of Labeo Rohita Khalid Javed Iqbal*1, Muhammad Ashraf1, Arshad Javid2, Farzana Abbas1, Muhammad Hafeez-ur-Rehman1, Fayyaz Rasool1, Noor Khan1 , Sumaira Abbas1 and Muhammad Altaf 2 ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant-fishmeal feed and/or plant by-product based feed on minerals composition of Labeo rohita. Fish fed on rice polish alone served as control (T0). Feed ingredients were grouped together with two ingredients in each test diet which served as an independent trial during these studies. Group 1(T1) contained guar meal and canola meal, group 2(T2) soybean meal and cotton seed meal, group 3(T3) guar meal and cotton seed meal, group 4(T4) soybean meal and canola meal and group 5(T5) fishmeal and canola meal. Each group including control had two replicates. 12 earthen ponds with uniform area of 0.03 ha each, were randomly stocked with 100 fish (average weight 200 g) in each following standard stocking protocols. All the 12 ponds were then randomly allotted to individual treatment including control group. Experimental fish were fed @ 4% of their wet biomass twice a day. Minerals specifically Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu significantly differed (Pâ ‰ ¤0.05) among treatments which might be linked with their variable release in digestive system of fish in the presence of various anti-nutritional factors. Key Words: fishmeal; soybean meal; canola meal; Ca; Na. INTRODUCTION Fish is rich in animal protein, low in cholesterol and high in unsaturated fatty acids (Kromhout et al., 1995; Zenebe et al., 1998a; Arts et al., 2001; Fawole et al., 2007) and due its these peculiar qualities is preferred over red meats (Sadiku and Oladimeji, 1991; Mozaffarian et al., 2003; Foran et al., 2005;). Nutritional quality of fish is however, not uniform and varies a lot among different fish species even within species when cultured under environments and different culture systems. Among herbivorous fish varieties Labeo rohita is preferred among consumers due to its typical taste and texture and among culturists due to growth, hardiness and wide range feeding habits. That is the reason that it is dominant fish in current fish cultural practices (Khan et al., 2004; Hussain et al., 2011; FAO, 2000; Chaudhuri et al., 1974). Other than nutritional competencies the fish is an important economic source, and its culture is rapidly growing not only in developing countries but in developed contraries too (Delgado et al., 2002; Louka et al., 2004). The success of fish culture depends on availability and selection of appropriate diets that are proficiently digested, are cost effective and provide the necessary nutrients for optimal growth (Mokolensang et al., 2003). Improvement and selection of appropriate feed ingredients has pronounced effect on the nutritional values, fish growth and its adjunct qualities (Shioya et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2011). Cost effective quality feed has pivotal role in fish production and has always been a constraint in the expansion of fish culture and in sustained development of aquaculture industry. It determines growth, flesh composition, especially lipid, mineral content of produced fish and ultimately market response (Izquierdo et al., 2003; Rasmussen, 2001). Among other nutrients minerals also has an important role and contribute to the growth of fish being an integral components of many enzymes involved metabolism (Glover and Hogstrand, 2002). Several minerals are required for proper development and normal execution of organism’s bodily functions as Ca is necessary element for the bone development (Erkan and Ozden, 2007) and Ca, Mg, Na and K, are involved in cellular metabolism which are usually found in higher quantities in biological tissues (Wagner and Boman, 2003). Zn is well known to be involved in most metabolic pathways in plants and animals (Hambidge, 2000). Copper, iron and manganese are essential for maintenance of normal growth and reproduction (Turkmen et al., 2005; Roy and Lall, 2006). Fish is a major source of Fe (Fraga, 2005) which is involved in blood synthesis in liver (Wagner and Boman, 2003), is an integral component of oxygen carrying protein from lungs to the tissues (Wagner and Boman, 2003; Camara et al., 20 05). Mn is required in minute quantities on daily basis for better health and growth in humans and its deficiency may result in nervous system disorder (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004). Keeping in view all the above mentioned concerns the present study is planned to find out the effect of plant-fishmeal feed and/or plant by-product based feed on minerals profile of Labeo rohita. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental site and study trials This three month study was conducted in earthen ponds of the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus Pattoki, using juvenile Labeo rohita as an experimental animal. Experimental design Studies were designed following Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were 5 treatments and a control with two replicates in each group and whole trial was managed in 12 ponds. 100 juveniles of Labeo rohita having mean body weight of 200g were randomly stocked in each pond (0.03 ha) and then all these ponds were arbitrarily distributed among 5 treatments and a control. Five experimental diets pertaining to each treatment, by proportionate ratio of the two feed ingredients was maintained at 1:1 i.e. (T1) guar meal and canola meal, (T2) soybean meal and cotton seed meal, (T3) guar meal and cotton seed meal, (T4) soybean meal and canola meal, (T5) fishmeal and canola meal and a control diet (T0) i.e. rice polish with two replicates in each. Fish were regularly fed @ 4% of wet body weight twice a day. Proximate analysis Feed proximate analysis was analyzed by using Bà ¼chi NIR Technology (Bà ¼chi NIRFlex N-500) Feed were dried and finally ground in pestle and mortar and then placed in sampler cups. The cups were placed in Bà ¼chi NIR machine for two minutes which then displayed a complete proximate analysis report which was saved for future use (Table 1). Table 1 Proximate analysis of feed combinations Mineral analysis Well ground 0.5 g sample was taken in conical flask which 10 ml HNO3 was added in. Mixture was then boiled for 15 minutes at 60 0C and then 5 ml perchloric acid was added and boiled it again for another 15 minutes at 60 0C. Sample flask was then placed on hot plate and heated till sample volume reduced to 1 ml. This sample was diluted to 100 ml by addition of distilled water. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were measured by flame photometric method while calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis The data generated during the course of this trial from various sources was analyzed by one way ANOVA using SAS software to determine the significance of various treatment groups. Difference among various means obtained from computation of treatment data sets was compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test to indentify the presence of variations. Probability level for these tests was fixed at P≠¤0.05. RESULTS Mineral composition of Labeo rohita showed statistically significant (P ≠¤ 0.05) differences in Na, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu content while non-significant in K and Mg. Significantly higher Na (27.400 ±0.98 ppm) was observed in fish fed on T2 and the lowest (18.05 ±5.30 ppm) in T4, similarly significantly higher Ca content was observed in fish fed on T5 (14.245 ±0.09 ppm) while the lowest in T3 (10.515 ±0.09 ppm), significantly higher Fe content was recorded for fish fed on T5 (5.960 ±0.87 ppm) while the lowest in T4 (1.910 ±0.14 ppm), significantly higher (0.815 ±0.09 ppm) and lower (0.470 ±0.04 ppm) Zn contents were observed in T1 and T2. Higher Cu concentrations were recorded in fish fed on T3 (0.045 ±0.01 ppm) and lower in fish fed on T0 (0.015 ±0.01 ppm), higher values of K was observed on T2 (68.550 ±23.97 ppm) while lower for T3 (53.100 ±2.82 ppm), maximum Mg values were observed for T1 (3.270 ±0.11 ppm) and minimum for T2 (2.915 ±0.10 ppm) (Table -2). Table 2 Effect of feed on mineral composition of Labeo rohita DISCUSSION In present study mineral composition of Labeo rohita showed significant (P ≠¤ 0.05) variation in Na, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu content in different treatments. Statistically significantly higher Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu were observed in fish were observed in T2, T5, T5, T1, T3 while non-significantly higher K and Mg were observed in T2 and T1 respectively. Contrary to our study Khan et al. (2012) observed non-significant variations in mineral content in major carps reared in mono and polyculture systems. Similarly Luczynska et al. (2009) also observed non-significant differences in fishes having different feeding niches. During present study significantly higher Na was observed in fish fed T2 and lower in fish fed wit T4. Comparatively higher Na concentrations were observed in marine fish by Pirestani et al. (2009). Significantly higher Ca was observed in fish fed on T5 and lower for fish fed on T3. Our findings are in line with Babalola, et al. (2011) who observed significant variations in c oncentration of Ca among different commercial fish species of Nigeria. Significantly higher Fe content was observed in fish fed on T5 and lower in fish fed on T4 during present analysis. Mean Fe values were observed within the ranges given by Pirestani et al. (2009) in C. carpio. Babalola et al. (2011) observed non significant differences in Fe content among different commercial fishes of Nigeria. Significantly higher Zn was determined in fish fed with T1 while lower on T2 during present study. Contrary to our study Stezycka et al. (2003) observed higher Zn content in non-predatory fishes and marine fish species (Pirestani et al., 2009). During present study significantly higher Cu concentration was determined in fish, fed on T3 while lower for T0 diet. Contrary to our study Pirestani et al. (2009) observed higher Cu concentrations in fish collected from South Caspian Sea. During present analysis higher Mg concentrations were observed in fish fed on T1 while lower for T2 diets. Our findings confirm Babalola et al. (2011) who observed non-significant dif ferences in Mg content among different commercial fishes of Nigeria. Contrary to our observations Pirestani et al. (2009) found significantly higher Mg content in different commercial fishes of Nigeria. During present study higher K values were determined for fish fed on T2 while lower for T3. Contrary to our study significantly higher K contents were recorded in different commercial fishes of Nigeria (Pirestani et al. 2009), freshwater fish species (Achionye-Nzeh et al. 2011) and commercial fishes of Sudan (Mohamed et al. 2010). REFERENCES Achionye-Nzeh C. G., Adedoyin O. M., Oyebanji, S., and Mohammed M.O., 2011, Mineral composition of some marine and freshwater fishes. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2(7): 1113-1116. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2004. Agency for toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/. Arts, M. T., Ackman, R. G. and Holub, B. J., 2001. Essential fatty acids in aquatic ecosystems: a crucial link between diet and human health and evolution. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58: 122–137. Babalola, A. F., Adeyemi, R. S., Olusola, O. A., Salaudeen, M. M., Olajuyigbe, O. O., and Akande, G. R., 2011. Proximate and Mineral Composition in the Flesh of Five Commercial Fish Species in Nigeria. Internet Journal of Food Safety, Vol.13, 2011, p.208-213 Camara, F., Amaro, M. A., Barbera, R. and Clemente, G. 2005. Bioaccessibility of minerals in school meals: comparison between dialysis and solubility methods. Food Chemistry, 92: 481-489. Chaudhuri, H., Chakraborty, R. D., Rao, N. G. S., Janakiram, K., Chatterjee, D. K. and Jena, S., 1974. Record production with intensive culture of Indian and Exotic carps.Current Science,43(10), 303–304. Delgado, C. L., Rosegrant, M.W., Wada, N., Meijer, S. and Ahmed, M., 2002. Fish as food: Projections to 2020 under different scenarios. Washington, D.C.: Markets and Structural Studies Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2002. Online at: http:www.ifpri.org/divs/mtid/dp/papers/mssdp52.pdf. Erkan, N. and Ozden, O., 2007. Proximate composition and mineral contents in aquaculture sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (Sparus aurata) analyzed by ICP-MS. Food Chemistry, 102: 721-725. FAO., 2000. Fishery statistics (Aquaculture Production). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 90(2): 22-131. Fawole, O. O., Ogundiran, M. A., Ayandiran, T. A. and Olagunju, O. F., 2007. Mineral composition in some selected fresh water fishes in Nigeria. Journal of Food Safety, 9: 52-55. Foran, J. A., Carpenter, D. O., Hamilton, M. C., Knuth, B. A. and Schwager, S. J., 2005. Risk- based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin- like compounds. Environmental health perspectives, 33: 552-556. Fraga, C. G., 2005. Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 26: 235-244. Glover, C. N. and Hogstrand, C., 2002. Amino acids in vivo intestinal zinc absorption in freshwater rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology, 205: 151-158. Hambidge, M., 2000. Human zinc deficiency. Journal of Nutrition, 130: 1344S-1349S. Hussain, S. M., Rana, S. A., Afzal, M. and Shahid, M., 2011. Efficacy of phytase supplementation on mineral digestibility in Labeo rohita fingerlings fed on corn gluten meal (30%) based diets. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Science, 48:237-241. Izquierdo MS, Obach A, Arantzamendi L, Montero D, Robaina L, Rosenlund G (2003). Dietary lipid sources for sea bream and sea bass: Growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality. Aquacult. Nutr. 9: 397-407. Khan, M. A., Ahmed, I. and Abidi, S. F., 2004. Effect of ration size on growth, conversion efficiency and body composition of fingerling mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition, 10: 47-53. Khan, N., Ashraf, M., Qureshi, N. A., Sarker, P. K., Vandenberg, G. W. and Rasool, F., 2012. Effect of similar feeding regime on growth and body composition of Indian major carps (Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita) under mono and polyculture. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(44), 10280-10290. Kromhout, D., Feskens, E. J. and Bowles, C. H., 1995. The protective effect of a small amount of fish on coronary heart disease mortality in an elderly population. International Journal of Epidemiology, 24: 340-345. Louka, N., Juhel, F., Fazilleau, V. and Loonis, P., 2004. A novel colorimetry analysis used to compare different drying fish processes. Food Control, 15: 327-334. Luczynska, j., Tonska, E., luczynski, J. M., 2009. Essential mineral components in the muscles of six freshwater fish from the Mazurian Great Lakes (northeastern Poland). Arch. Pol. Fish. 17: 171-178. Mohamed, H. A. E., Rabie Al-Maqbaly and H. Mohamed Mansour. 2010. Proximate composition, amino acid and mineral contents of five commercial Nile fishes in Sudan. African Journal of Food Science. 4(10), 650-654. Mokolensang, J. F., Yamasaki, S. and Onoue, Y., 2003. Utilization of Shochu distillery by-products for culturing the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). On Line Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(5), 502-507. Mozaffarian, M. D., Rozenn, N. L., Lewis, H. K., Gregory, L. B., Russell, P. T. and Davis, S. S., 2003. Cardiac benefits of fish consumption may depend on type of fish meal consumed. Circulation, 107:1372-1382. Pirestani, S., Sahari, A. M., Barzegar, M. and Seyfabadi, S. J., 2009. Chemical compositions and minerals of some commercially important fish species from the South Caspian Sea. International Food Research Journal, 16: 39-44. Rasmussen, R. S., 2001. Quality and farmed salmonids with emphasis on proximate composition, yield and sensory characteristics. Aquaculture, 32: 767-786. Roy, P. K. and Lall, S. P., 2006. Mineral nutrition of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.): a comparison of wild and cultured stock. Journal of Fish Biology, 68: 1460-1472. Sadiku, S. O. E. and Oladimeji, A. A., 1991. Relationship of proximate composition of Lates niloticus (L), synodontis schall. Research Communications, 3: 29-40. Shioya I., Inoue, K., Abe, A., Takeshita, A. and Yamaguchi, T., 2011. Beneficial effects on meat quality of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata induced by diets containing red pepper. Fisheries Science, 77: 883-889. Stezycka E., Bzdà ªga J., Pawlikowska K. and Siwicki, A., 2003. Metals content in fish caught in Wloclawek surroundings, zywienie Czlowieka Methbolizm. 30: 593-597 (in Polish). Turkmen, A., Turkmen, M., Tepe, Y. and Akyrt, I., 2005. Heavy metals in three commercially valuable fish species from Iskenderun Bay, Northen East Mediterranean Sea, Turkey. Food Chemistry, 91: 167-172. Wagner, A. and Boman, J., 2003. Biomonitoring of trace elements in muscle and liver tissue of freshwater fish. Spectrochimica Acta (Part B), 58: 2215-2226. Yang S. D., Tung, T. Y., Chou, R. L., Lan, H. L., Chen, G. R., Pai, J. N., Liu, F. G. and Chen, T. I., 2011. Comparison of the effects of two floating pellets on the growth and meat quality of Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica). Journal of Taiwan Fisheries Research, 19: 17-28. Zenebe, T., Ahigren, G. and Boberg, M., 1998a. Fatty acid content of some freshwater fish of commercial importance from tropical lakes in the Ethiopian rift valley. Journal of Fish Biology, 53: 987-1005.

The Mating Dance in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride a

The Mating Dance in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice As befitting the title of Jane Austen’s novel, pride and prejudice – as well as social decorum – restrain the protagonists’ feelings toward each other, resulting in a love that is forged by caution and tempered by time. Allen suggests that â€Å"simply because desire is not expressed, it does not cease to exist; repressed, it does not disappear. Instead it is symbolically displaced, returning with repetitive insistence in a concealed form† (426). In other words, although Elizabeth and Darcy’s feelings are hidden, these â€Å"concealed forms† of expression continue to fuel the lovers in their courtship. Literature and dance coexist with social decorum in strengthening Elizabeth and Darcy’s relationship, while facial expressions have neither social nor cultural boundaries. Abiding by the laws of decorum, literature, dance, and facial expressions help Elizabeth and Darcy break through their personal repressions and discover their l ove for each other. Literature appears in Pride and Prejudice in the form of books and letters. For most of Parts One and Two of the novel, Elizabeth Bennet’s social standing and the indecorum of her family repel Darcy. He remarks that because the Benett sisters have family in Cheapside, it â€Å"must very materially lessen their chance of marrying men of any consideration in the world† (Austen, 33). However, Darcy’s distain is greatly reduced when he discovers that Elizabeth prefers reading to cards. It is a matter of nurture triumphing over nature, for Elizabeth is cultured and educated despite her upbringing. Darcy may be subconsciously or even purposely referring to Elizabeth when he adds the virtues of extensive reading to the list of qualities he admires ... ... love for Elizabeth: he â€Å"was in the middle before [he] knew that [he] had begun† (Austen, 317). While still adhering to social norms and decorum, Elizabeth and Darcy are able to shed their pride and prejudice through the natural influences of literature, dance, and facial expression. As these modes of expressions are not immediately apparent in terms of love, they help Elizabeth and Darcy build a relationship that withstands the test of time and of scrutiny. Works Cited Allen, Dennis W. â€Å"No Love for Lydia: The Fate of Desire in Pride and Prejudice.† Texas Studies in Literature and Languages. 1985 Winter: 27: 425-443. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York, U.S.A.: Signet Classic, 1996. Stovel, Bruce. â€Å" ‘A Contrariety of Emotion’: Jane Austen’s Ambivalen Lovers in Pride And Prejudice.† International Fiction Review (IFR). 1987 Winter: 14 (1): 27-33.

Retelling Is Not the Same as Recalling

This article is talking about recalling is more accuracy on Information and details. However it's different from retelling. Retelling is more focus on the speaker's goals, the audience, and the social context more generally. It has explained that retelling the story facts are much better that elaboration of the story. However, the new memory would Incomplete or distorted our old memory. Hence, It decreases the accuracy of our memory. Retelling can be linked to memory errors observed In domains such as flashbulb memories and eyewitness testimony.Flashbulb memory explained that why we could remember something very well. It's because flashbulb memory a clear memory of an emotion significant moment or event and location. Therefore, very could remember what we were doing and where we were accuracy. We could only remember well for the facts of the event, but not all the details. When the times pass longer, it would replace by the new memory too, to reduce the accuracy of memory. I would li ke to introduce to my friends or parent that our memory is not accuracy for something that we not always recall. It's hard to remember all the details andInformation of the events. Mostly, we could retell the facts of the story or events. It Is because our new memory replaced our old memory. That's why It would affect our accuracy of memory. There are also so many things could affect our memory. Such as, environment, internal state, consciousness, encoding and rehearsing. Those facts would affect the accuracy and how well we could remember for the detail. Personal Reaction This article let me understand that why something we could memorize so well and we would never forget that and something we could only remember the facts but not the details.It's because of our recalling and retelling of emotion and location. We could only remember the facts but not all the details. However, when something that we didn't recall a lot It may replace by the new memory and it would mess up our real m emory. I'm agreeing with this article, because something that we recall well Is depends on our memory. How done some facts affect our memory and accuracy of memory. Sometime, we may Just remember the mall story of the even. It's because some information may replace by the new memory but our brain will use those new memory to make sense of it.Hence, it will affect the accuracy memory. There were some experiences showed in the article, recalling the fact is much better than recalling the details. I think it's because different people have different quality of memorization, some people are good at retelling information. As I remember during our class, you have talked a lot about memory and it is a huge topic. As I remember, during the class, we have talked a lot about memory. There are a lot of facts could affect out memory. They are link to this article. Such as, explicit memory, implicit memory, context-dependent memory and state dependent memory.They are some information we have dis cussed during the class which Is connect with this article. After I read this article, I know more about how recalling affects our memory accuracy and why we can't remember well for some detail except some condition (ex: flashbulb memory). Retelling Is Not the Same as Recalling By checking This article is talking about recalling is more accuracy on information and details. Memory would incomplete or distorted our old memory. Hence, it decreases the accuracy of our memory. Retelling can be linked to memory errors observed in information of the events.Mostly, we could retell the facts of the story or events. It is because our new memory replaced our old memory. That's why it would affect our we didn't recall a lot it may replace by the new memory and it would mess up our real memory. I'm agreeing with this article, because something that we recall well is memory. Sometime, we may Just remember the main story of the even. It's because information we have discussed during the class whic h is connect with this article. After I read this article, I know more about how recalling affects our memory accuracy and why we can't remember well for some detail except some condition (ex: flashbulb

How has elevators use changed through time in the so

How has elevators use changed through time in the so Introduction Elevators have become an almost ubiquitous aspect of the world today wherein they are found in nearly every office building or apartment complex in the world. In fact, the soaring skyscrapers and towering office buildings, which are integral part of todays cities, are impossible even to imagine without.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How has elevators use changed through time in the so called GLOBAL CITY around the world? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason is quite simple, the taller a building becomes the harder it is to reach the top floor on foot. As such, it became a problem in the early half of the 18th century as the buildings were built no higher than 5 to 6 floors due to the amount of effort it took to reach the top floor. Of course, with the introduction of elevators, such a problem has been remedied resulting in building of increasingly tall buildings within the past few years. Eleva tors in the Past It is quite interesting to note that elevators have actually been invented several hundred years ago. However, their iteration was more along the lines of a rope and pulley system utilized in order to hoist heavy materials vertically so as to increase the speed and efficiency by which a particular building was constructed. It was only during the early and the mid 18th century that the rope and pulley system was modified in such a way that it was utilized in order to ferry people up and down buildings. This system was modified to such an extent that it was utilized in a variety of buildings during the mid 1800s. However, it should be noted that its design still has numerous flaws that is why elevators have gained a grim reputation as death traps due to the very real possibility that their ropes may snap resulting in the subsequent death of the occupants as the elevator hurtles down the shaft it was in. It was only due the invention of a protective string system and s teel teeth placed along the edges of an elevator shaft by Elisha Otis that elevators became a viable means of transport for going up and down between the floors during the latter half of the 18th century. It should also be noted that it was the invention of the elevator that directly lead to the opportunity to increase the height of buildings. Such a contribution to the building construction will be discussed in the next section of the paper. Impact on the Nature of the Construction Elevators can be considered as the primary reason why vertical urbanism began within the various cities in the world. Vertical urbanism can be described as the process by which living spaces are increasingly being created in tall buildings in order to maximize the amount of space utilized. Such a process was originally unthinkable prior to the mid 1800s due to the way in which people mainly relied on stairs and ramps as the primary means by which they would go up and down a building. With the creation el evators this subsequently changed the landscape of urbanism thereby resulting in creation of skyscrapers. It is safe to assume that without the creation of elevators, it is very likely that the construction of buildings would be more horizontal than vertical given the inherent difficulty associated with going up several flights of stairs.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It should also be noted that the invention of elevators are in effect directly responsible for the creation of the modern day city. Since vertical urbanism was in effect made a possibility, this enabled buildings to be built taller and increasingly closer to each other. As a result, this encouraged more people to congregate within urban centers, which has eventually led to the creation of modern day cities, as we know it today. In the U.S. alone, elevators are utilized by 354 million people on a daily b asis with a large percentage of the usage being attributed to people living within condominiums. It is based on this that it can be seen that there has been a major shift within the past 300 years wherein from an initial use of ferrying materials up a building for constructions, elevators have now in effect become a means of ferrying people and is considered one of the most utilized methods of transportation to date coming in a close second to cars. Changes in Technology Based on the video that was shown, it can clear be seen that elevators have reached a considerable level of technological development that surpasses the original design of Otis. Notable improvements within the past 200 years can be seen in the sheer difference in speed between elevators in the mid 1800s to the way in which they are like now. Whereas before it would take 1 minute in order to ascend 1 floor, at the present elevators can ascend 30 floors within the same amount of time. Not only that, the original preve ntive design of having metal teeth located at the edges of an elevator shaft had been consequently replaced with new braking mechanisms where a sudden change in elevator speed has been noted. Another factor that has greatly improved upon elevator designs is the fact that a large percentage of present day elevators come with telephone systems located within the elevator themselves. This enables passengers to call service personal in instances where they have been trapped in between floors. When taking all these factors into consideration, it can clearly be seen that that overall use of elevators has changed considerably within the past few decades as a direct result if new technological innovations that have not only made it safer to use an elevator but far more expedient as well. Elevators as an Integral aspect of Human Society One of the most overlooked factors when it comes to elevators is the fact that they have become an integral facet of human civilization as compared to their original use several hundred years ago. As mentioned earlier, elevators were primarily utilized as a means of ferrying materials up buildings in order to make the process faster and more efficient. Yet, what must be understood is that while the pulley system that was the ancestral incarnation of the current elevator was a useful mechanism for construction, ancient constructions techniques could have still built the various buildings that the pulley system was used on. While it may have taken longer to create, the overall process of creating a building was still plausible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How has elevators use changed through time in the so called GLOBAL CITY around the world? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the present day era, if you were to take away the use of elevators it is very likely that society as we know it at the present could collapse. Without elevators vertical urbanism would in eff ect cease to be resulting in the slow but sure deterioration of present day cities. Construction techniques would change considerably resulting in the creation of flat low lying buildings which would severely limit the amount of people that can live within a given area. As a result, civilization would begin to revert to the way in which cities used to be formed prior to the 18th century when they were often cramped and festering with some diseases due to the way in which they were created. It is based on this that it can clearly be seen that as compared to the past times, elevators have become an almost integral aspect of civilization and are necessary in order to keep in developing. Conclusion Overall, it can clearly be seen that elevator use within the past 100 years has changed considerably, resulting in a safer and more expedient method of travel. It can even be stated that without elevators, human civilization would not have been able to develop the concept of vertical urbanism which created many of todays modern cities since many of the buildings that are present within various urban centers today rely on elevators as a means of ferrying occupants from various floors. When examining current trends in construction such as the Burj Al Arab, the Petronus towers and the New World Trade Center construction project, it can clearly be seen that human beings are continuously constructing the buildings which would rise up to the amazing heights. As such, this is indicative of the fact that people will rely on elevators even more within the coming decades and, as such, reveals the timelessness of this remarkable type of technology.

Isabel Allende essays

Isabel Allende essays Tell me a story. Rolfe Carle asks of his lover Eva Luna. Tell me a story you have never told anyone. And so our modern-day Sheherezade spins twenty-three tales over twenty-three nights now collected into The Stories of Eva Luna, where this wonderful storyteller evokes powerful emotions in her readers through themes of love, death, pride, strength and courage, human characters and a unique style of writing. Isabel Allende, the author of The Stories of Eva Luna, writes in a simple, yet extremely descriptive way, giving her stories an almost music-like resonance and letting the reader feel like they are actually right there next to the action, as when, in Ester Lucero they bore her away on an improvised stretcher, bleeding like a stuck pig, her eyes wide with terror. (ESTER LUCERO, PG. 1). Allendes powerful descriptions in Ester Lucero, as well as two other short stories, And of Clay Are We Created and The Judges Wife are wonderfully rich, allowing the reader to visualize places, identify with events and become emotionally attached to characters, as we do when we are told of Azucena stuck in a mudslide in And of Clay Are We Created, with her dark face, her large desolate eyes, the plastered-down tangle of hair.. (AND OF CLAY, PG. 2) Critics have dubbed Allendes descriptive power as being distinctive, powerful and haunting (ELAINE KENDALL, LOS ANGELES TIMES - DECEMBER 28, 1990), and able to turn the ordinary into magic and the magical into everyday life. (GILLIAN STEWARD, THE CALGARY HERALD - JANUARY 19, 1991) Allende is one of the most widely recognized authors to use what is known as magic realism, which she says is based around that dream-like quality that memories have. Its misty, its foggy. You dont know whats real and whats fantasy. Magic realism is the ability to mix fant...

The Impact of Globalisation on the European Economy Essay

The Impact of Globalisation on the European Economy - Essay Example Introduction European countries tend to view globalization as a threat rather than an opportunity. Globalization imposes subtle threat to jobs, social welfare, and way of life of Europeans. Opportunities are available for Europeans who are able to penetrate new markets with less expensive inputs. The debate on globalization continues unabated within popular and scholarly fraternity. This issue is of importance because has co-occurred with regional integration. Many European states, regions, and cities have to cope with globalization challenges. According to Jacoby and Meunier, managed globalization has played major role in key European Union (EU) policies for around one decade. There has been widespread discourse concerning managed globalization by European policy-makers and politicians. Nevertheless, this does not necessarily imply that the key stakeholders are really making efforts to ensure its implementation. There is possibility that globalization with adjectives constitute empt y rhetoric. Managed globalization could imply paradigm shifts. Through increase in interdependence between global economies in production, trade and financial markets, globalization has become an important phenomenon to the economies of most of the European countries. Despite the interruption in capital flows and global trade because of the financial crisis that rocked various economies in 2008, most European countries have continued to reap the benefits of globalization. Globalization has not only led to an increase in export competition but has also stimulated world demand and increased economic activities in the European economies. The main sectors of economy that have been significantly shaped by the advent of globalization have been market prices, the labor market and productivity. Discussion Globalization and Europeanization have occurred in tandem. These have underlain shifts in results of interest ranging from changes in institutional and policies, growth opportunities, inco me distribution, and employment opportunities. Nevertheless, Europeanization tends to prevail over globalization. Globalization has cause precipitous increase in European spending, especially in political economies of Scandinavian countries. Some European states, except Finland, tend to exhibit deglobalization patterns, with greater proximate trading agreements increasingly dominating cross-border swap. Intra-European divergence is underlain by diverse responses towards relatively terms of neo-liberalization (Jacoby & Meunier n.d.). Globalization has affected labour and capital markets, relations between central and local governments, and competition for elective posts. Both globalization and Europeanization are closely related to deregulation and negative integration of European market. Europeanization process tends to have relation with globalization, which tend to expedite or slow down globalization effects. Europeanization process may operate autonomously from globalization. The cumulative effect of Europeanization and globalization aggravates globalization effects. European level politics tend to slow down globalization process, with minus globalization results (Jacoby & Meunier n.d.). There has also been variation in density of trade unions and alternative levels at which bargain of wages are established. European states tend to employ policies that impede

Essay about the novel Metamorphosis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About the novel Metamorphosis - Essay Example ?He is even more worried when the chief clerk reaches home to enquire why he has not turned up to work when he is required to complete some important task. Gregor’s family is not sure whether the vermin is their son. The family has tried to provide food and shelter for the vermin though the aspect of comfort is not given to him. He is not allowed out of his room to mingle with the members of the family and continue to have the good life he earlier had. Despite his physical condition, Gregor wants to complete his assignments for the day and wonders how his family will live without his earning because his father was already in debt. He is also worried that his mother cannot work due to her illness. He thinks "of his family with emotion and love." He also learns that in the absence of his earnings, all the members of the family have taken up work and they have also lent out room for lodgers. Gregor’s sister Grete used to serve him food and clean up his room. The maid of the house is fired and is replaced by a charwoman. The charwoman is the only woman who sympathizes with Gregor and talks to him. The human mental condition of Gregor is further revealed when he get’s out of his room following his sister to find medicine for their mother, who collapses seeing the vermin. Gregor is badly punished by his father for getting out of his room by throwing an apple and Gregor gets hurt, unable to move. This also reveals that Gregor’s father has reached a good financial position and wants to get rid of Gregor to maintain authority on the family. The sight of Gregor is fearsome for his mother, though his sister feeds him with his favorite food for which he has no penchant now. Though Gregor yearns to talk to their family and spent time with them, he is not allowed to get out of his room. But the music played by Grete takes him out of his room to teach his sister to play the right notes. The lodgers are astonished seethe creature and cries out to leave without paying